Saturday, November 30, 2019

Sustainable business in a sustainable society

Introduction Sustainability in a business can be regarded as the success of the company in both short term and the long run. In the business milieu, there are many forces that affect the operations of business and these plays an imperative role as the managers must define ways of overcoming these challenges.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainable business in a sustainable society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Before the promotion of business sustainability and corporate social responsibility, financial responsibility was the main agenda in most companies but this has changed as the need for businesses to consider the society and the environment before making any decisions increases. Sustainability principles encompass a raft of voluntary measures adopted by a business and which include the social and environmental concerns in the operations of business and call for stakeholder involvement (Kleef Roome, 2 007). These factors encompass social, financial, environmental opportunities and threats that are within the business facet. When business incorporate healthy social and economic strategies, there are likely to overcome any present and future resiliency and this put the business in a strategic position which in turns increases it future growth (Lawrence Weber, 2010). In this paper, the statement â€Å"The only viable future for business is to become a sustainable business in a sustainable society† will be discussed. A sustainable business can be regarded as a business that: Uses sustainable raw materials Delivers services and products to consumers that are deemed to be sustainable Sells economic products Uses renewable sources of energy Is socially involved and assist the society around the company All the above aspects are used to ensure that a business is sustainable. Most of the aspects highlighted enable the business to produce products that will have high utility valu e to consumers and which don’t harm the environment. Sustainability also involves social participations where the company is actively involved in helping the society achieve its objective (Johnson, Scholes, Whittingham, 2011). Another key issue is the need for strategies adapted by the business, to be environmentally friendly. For sustainable business future, it is also imperative that the business produces economically and is able to satisfy both the consumers and the employees.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Strategies to Achieve Business Sustainability As aforementioned, the modern business environment requires a business to adapt sustainable business methods for it to be effective and sustainable in the future. Various strategies can be adapted by the business so as to achieve short and long term sustainability. The main methods used to achieve business sustainab ility can be grouped into three major areas, these are: Economic strategies Social involvement Environmental protection The social, economical and environmental actions can be defined as the triple bottom line in the models used by managers to enhance the business sustainability. Economic factors encompass strategies that increase profits, minimize on costs, promote the effective use of resources and strategies that promote the successful operations of the business. The social factors encompass good staff treatment, the involvement of a company in social activities, reducing prices for products be sold in low income countries and regions, corporate social responsibility, working with the society on community projects among others (Kotler Lee, 2005). Lastly, it is imperative that a business considers the need to adapt environmental protection strategies such as use of clean energy, promoting the use of lean business process and, conducting a lifecycle analysis to ensure that the p roducts manufactured don’t cause environmental pollution at any stage (Hitchcock Willard, 2009). Business Sustainability Methods and Their Importance Corporate Social Responsibility There are a number of way through which companies engage the people living around the community. One of the widely used strategies is Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). CSR can be defined as achieving commercial success in methods that are ethical, abhor the peoples believes and protect the environment. The term is synonymous to corporate citizenship, cooperate accountability and business sustainability. In the modern world, it is impractical to achieve success without factoring in sustainability. Corporate social responsibility calls for the implementation of business strategies taking into account the needs and views of the community and other stakeholders in the organization (Bendell, 2005). The main reason for business being involved in CRS is the great influence that stakeholders of the business have on its operations. The stakeholders of a business greatly influence its performance directly and indirectly. These stakeholders include the customers, the employees, shareholders, governments, activists, competitors among others. The customers of a given business have a great impact on the operation of the business.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainable business in a sustainable society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These customers are usually drawn from the local, national and international area where the business operates. Actions by the company affect the environment where these customers live and hence they have direct impact on them. Secondly, when companies engage in activities that are beneficial to the people living around there area, they create awareness about the company and this builds the confidence that consumers have (Berkhout, 2005). This results to more people buying the p roducts distributed by the company. When a company addresses the social concerns of the people, they tend to gain good relations with the customers and this brings about consumer loyalty and increases the profitability of the business. When a business organization builds trust with the community, the customers and the employees become loyal to the business and this enables it to have a competitive edge as compared to the rival companies. By participating in social activities as well as addressing the concerns of communities, businesses are able to build and sustain a brand image for their products (Peter, 2009). This is particularly important as globalization has brought intense competition and there is great need for a company to attract and retain its customers. For business to be successfully, managers must ensure that they build good relations between the company and individuals, groups and institutions. There is no way a business can thrive in a society that is rapidly deterior ating. This calls for the business to participate in activities that will uplift the society (Blowfield Murray, 2011). Secondly, the employees of a company are also important and CRS activities must address them. It is important for managers to understand that without the employees, the company cannot succeed. In this regard, business decisions must inculcate the views of the employees. As the company grows, there is need for employees to be given attractive remunerations and training. For sustainable business development, the company must use part of its profits in increasing the salaries and also educating its workforce (Geoffrey, 2008). Thirdly, the government keeps a close surveillance on the company’s operation strategies. When business produce products that are harmful to the consumers or t below the consumer quality expectations, the reputation of that business may reduce and it can lose loyal consumers. Governments have in the past forced different companies to recal l their products and this damages the image of the company. Sustainable business strategy formulations call for business to evaluate the legal and regularly framework and ensure that they operate within this framework.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition to the three benefits of CSR, there are other numerous advantages that business gain due to their involvement in CRS activities. These include: Better risk management: when managers take into account the views of stakeholders during the implementations of new strategies, the risks are easily indentified and methods of managing them are formulated. Sustainability calls for managers to consider the governance, legal, social and environmental factors during the decision making process which result to better risk management. Improved reputations: when a company participates in CRS, it gains good reputations among the customers, shareholders, policy makers and investors. This results to an improvement of the brand value and equity of the company. This enables the company to attract investors, customers and employees. Ability to recruit and retain employees: CSR enables a company to develop good human resource management policies. Most employees are willing to work in organiza tions that have friendly policies. Improved innovations: Companies that participate in CSR are able to identify more business opportunities and adopt other innovative strategies as suggested by the stakeholders. When employees are satisfied, they are capable of developing new products and giving out new business ideas that may be beneficial to the organization. When a business takes into account the views of the stakeholders, there are likely to tap rich and innovative strategies from them (Daniel Winston, 2009). Development of effective supply chain The organizational supply chain is one of the areas where an organization is most vulnerable. When firms develop long term business relationship and also join with suppliers who have advocate for CSR and standard improvement, the supply chain becomes manageable and this results to improvement (Bendixen Abratt, 2007). Increased access to capital: in the modern world, financial institutions consider the firms involvement in CSR before a pproving grants and loans. Companies must prove their worth by indicating some of the CSR activities they perform as well as their ability to manufacture products that don’t harm the environment. Some financial institutions have polices addressing environmental concerns and give loans to activities that don’t harm the environment. Favourable relations with regulators: when a company participates in CSR, they gain approvals from governments, activists and environmental agencies and this build their reputations. If a company was to perform operations that damage the environment, the regulators might ban the company or impose very heavy fines and these would destroy the company in the long run.CSR indicators play an important role in deciding whether a particularly company can be given approvals. Economic Strategies The second pillar for sustainability is the economic pillar. For a business to be successful, it must continually engage in activities that reduce costs, incr ease efficiency, improve the products value and minimise wastage. All these factors enable the company to increase their profit margin and this translates into greater sustainability in the long run. The main economic strategy that the company can use is Lean manufacturing and services. This involves the adoption of strategies that will reduce wastes generated by the business. In lean, all the wastes are identified and strategies of minimizing these wastes are formulated. The major wastes that need to be eliminated in most businesses include; material wastes, extra personnel, less machine utilisations among others. Lean manufacturing methods entails the progressive removal of all the wastes generated by the firm and this increases the profitability of the company in the following ways Efficient utilisations of raw materials: using lean nearly all the raw materials are converted to the finished product. Efficient labour use: lean ensures that all workers are engaged in the productio n process. Efficient use of production factors: all factors of production are effectively used. Eliminations of wastes: lean eliminates wastes and these is beneficial to the environment. Environmental Strategies The third pillar of business sustainability is the consideration of the environment during the decision making process and production. The environment plays a significant indirect role and must be preserved for the current and future generations. The company must ensure that their products and services meet the health and environmental standards. This is vital because the destruction of the environment will affect the consumer base and the environment where the company operates. The company must ensure that a number of strategies are developed to ensure that the products and services are environmentally friendly. The company must adopt eco-efficient strategies such as: Ensure that less energy is used during the manufacture of products Carry out a life cycle analysis so as to determine the impacts that product will have on the environment. This is done by considering the impacts from raw materials, finished product, its consumption and disposal (Michael William, 2002). Recycling materials when possible Reduction in toxic materials released to the environment Maximising on the use of renewable resources Ensure that products are durable Implementation Methods and Steps From the above discussion, it can be seen that companies must adopt strategies that will propel their business towards sustainability. The change process must be gradual and continuous. This means that the company must continually evaluate their operations and ensure that there are improved every time (Kies, 2002). The implementations can be done through the following steps: Company vision, missions and objective changes: The company vision, mission, core values and objectives must address sustainability issues such as environmental protection, customer and employee satisfaction and pr ofitability Improving the corporate culture: The Company must ensure that it adopts a good corporate culture that takes into account the needs of employees. Strategic planning: For sustainable business, a strategic plan must be designed and implemented. All aspects that propel a business towards sustainability must be incorporated in the strategic plan (Werbach, 2009). This plan should essentially details methods through which these sustainability goals will be achieved. The time for achieving these goals and the evaluation methods should also be detailed. If the strategic plan is followed, then the implementation process will be successful. Involving the management: the management staff must be trained on the need to incorporate CSR and other business sustainability methods in the company. Managers are the key implementers of the decisions made by the company and they must be enlightened through training. It is imperative to ensure the management commitment to the change process. A ccountability: The business must ensure that they are accountable of all their actions. Proper management system will ensure that all the functions are well distributed and the employees and managers are accountable for their actions. Communications: The communication between the management and employees should be enhanced. During the decision making process, all the stakeholders must be informed. Adequate communications is very important during the change process. References Bendell, J 2005, ‘In whose name? The accountability of corporate social responsibility’, Development in Practice, vol.15 no.3, pp. 362–374. Bendixen, M Abratt, R 2007, ‘Corporate identity, ethics and reputation in supplier-buyer relationships’, Journal of Business Ethics, vol.76 no.2, pp. 69–82. Berkhout, T 2005, ‘Corporate gains: Corporate social responsibility can be the strategic engine for long-term corporate profits and responsible social development’, Alternatives Journal, Vol. 31 no.1, pp.15–18. Blowfield, M Murray, A 2011, Corporate Responsibility, Wiley, New York. Daniel , C Winston, A 2009, Green to Gold: How Smart Companies Use Environmental Strategy to Innovate, Create Value, and Build Competitive Advantage 1st edition, Willey, New York. Geoffrey, H 2008, When Principles Pay: Corporate Social Responsibility and the Bottom Line, Columbia University Press, Columbia. Hitchcock, D Willard, M 2009, The Business Guide to Sustainability: Practical Strategies and Tools for Organizations, Routledge, Florence, Kentucky. Johnson, G , Scholes, K, Whittingham, R 2011, Exploring Corporate Strategy: Text and Cases 9th Edition, Financial Times Prentice Hall, London. Kies, H 2002, The Sixth Sense: Accelerating Organisational Learning with Scenarios, Wiley, New York. Kleef,J Roome, N 2007, ‘Developing capabilities and com ­petence for sustainable business management as innovation, A research agenda’, Journal of Cle aner Production, vol.15 no. 1, pp.38–51. Kotler, P Lee, N 2005, Corporate social responsibility: Doing the most good for your company and your cause, John Wiley Sons, Hoboken, NJ. Lawrence , A Weber, J 2010, Business and Society: Stakeholders, Ethics, Public Policy, 13th Edition, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, New York. Michael, B William, M 2002, Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things 1st edition , North Point Press, New York. Peter, B 2009, Community: The Structure of Belonging, Berrett-Koehler Publishers, California. Werbach, A 2009, Strategy for Sustainability: A Business Manifesto, Harvard Business Press, Harvard. This essay on Sustainable business in a sustainable society was written and submitted by user East0n to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Measuring quality in sport Essays

Measuring quality in sport Essays Measuring quality in sport Essay Measuring quality in sport Essay Using benchmarks within sports development is to measure the quality of an initiative or sports club. Benchmarking is a process that all clubs and initiatives have to follow to ensure they meet the correct requirements to achieve a benchmark. To get these benchmarks they must undergo Inspections and to have all data records looked upon to ensure they are covered In all kinds of insurances documents, safeguarding, and emergency procedures. Etc. National governing bodies and sports organizations such as Sport England and UK SPORT recognize these clubs that have achieved these benchmarks. Benchmarks are also used in comparisons with other sports clubs to produce a comparative and competitive source for which the standards of a club are compared to show people who are Interested In participating or know someone who does and want to Join a club fit for their needs. Quality Schemes are used to improve and continually are finding ways to improve the quality of customer service in the sports industry. Quality schemes are mostly aimed at leisure centre across the I-J that provide close contact will the general public. Sports Development organizations use self assessments or programmed to improve he qualities of sports clubs and sporting Initiatives. The assessment Is operated by a grading system that assesses; Timekeeping Workmanship Coaching Quality of Equipment Problem Solving Professionalism and Standards when the assessment takes place the club/lamentable have score boundaries they have for which whatever they are based on they fall Into that category which Is then published. The score boundaries are; Minimum 60% to be registered To achieve a higher category it has to be between 75% and 84% To achieve a excellent score they must score 85% and above So overall this measurement Is effect to show the quality of the club In making sure that the legal and formal parts of the club are at a high standard. The quality of a club is only shown if the club score 60% or more. Sport England Cellular A example of this is the Sport England Cellular. This cellular Is Issued one a club or leisure has passed the necessary procedure of approval. The cellular shows Sport England are in a way recommending this club that shows good standards and procedures within sport. The procedure of getting a cellular is set within guidelines for with an examiner will come in and ensure the club has all the accessory paperwork, safety procedures/action plans to ensure the participants are safe at all times. The criteria of the procedure is filled in and then a copy of certificates, policies and qualifications. The criteria is checked every 2 years to ensure the standards are met and that none of the paperwork used as evidence is not out- dated, if it is then the club must go about replacing them. In conclusion this type of assessment is quite effective due to marketing and advertising the cellular to show that the club is at a high standard. More so with participants who are edging towards the higher end of the sports development momentum, as parents will be looking for sports club that meets all of the desired targets that the parent may seem fit for their child to develop. Internal and Self-Assessment This is another procedure to measure quality in sport. Self-assessment is a evaluation provided of your own performance. Sports clubs and initiatives do this measure as their own clubs strengths and weaknesses. And the potential of the opportunities or threats they face. Sports clubs can then create a Development plan to fix the areas of development, and improve on their strengths. Self-assessing will alp initiatives and organizations set goals to improve their current results of assessment. Internal assessment means you can identify your successes and a areas of development and internally within your club can provide plans to improve the level of quality to a long term look and potential progress. A example of this is doing a SOOT Analysis to seek your strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats. This is a form of self-assessing and is used to evaluate current states and where the club is and how they can improve. Opportunities are the result of the strengths when having strength only positive outcomes can be achieved. Threats are the results of the weakness and are the negative outcomes. When using a soot analysis to be able to make goals to improve the quality and be able to progress forward the club must be able to make realistic targets that will be measurable and fit the specific needs for the club and its members. This is used by seeking the weaknesses and areas for development and producing a development plan to set the targets and goals for expand the club. This is a very effective way in improving the quality of sports clubs and initiatives. This because it is easy to show the strengths and weaknesses and show that in the rent state the opportunities from the strengths and the threats the sporting club/ initiative may face if they do not improve. When evaluating from the results of a SOOT Analysis a development plan must be created to work on the areas of development and how to improve or better the strengths. This is a on-going procedure which in time will improve the quality of a sports club. Comprehensive Performance Assessment (C. P. A) CPA is an example of internal assessment. After a sports club have completed a SOOT analysis a sports organization will produce a CPA to put a rating the level of quality within the sports club. This is produced by a combination off sports clubs development plan. After a sports club have completed a SOOT analysis, a sports organization for example Sport England would then provide a CPA. The Spas objective is to put a value on the level of quality of a sports club. This is produced by a combination of a sports clubs action which is identified by a self assessment like a soot analysis. A plan is made with the potential quality and actual quality. Potential Quality is how good the quality of a sports club could be depending on what comes out of the development plan. Actual Potential is where a sports club is at this state eight now, which also depends on the Development plan. Different sports clubs have different levels of quality, for example some may have high quality in some areas that another sports club might not. In conclusion this type of assessment is quite effective if followed correctly and depending on if a clubs development plan is strong enough to work off. Ensuring that the goals the club are realistic and able to achieve, also the club has passed the following stages of a development plan they should be at better state for which they will achieve a better success rate and potentially more customers.

Friday, November 22, 2019

Calculations With the Gamma Function

Calculations With the Gamma Function The gamma function is defined by the following complicated looking formula: Γ ( z ) ∠«0∞e - ttz-1dt One question that people have when they first encounter this confusing equation is, â€Å"How do you use this formula to calculate values of the gamma function?†Ã‚   This is an important question as it is difficult to know what this function even means and what all of the symbols stand for. One way to answer this question is by looking at several sample calculations with the gamma function.   Before we do this, there are a few things from calculus that we must know, such as how to integrate a type I improper integral, and that e is a mathematical constant.   Motivation Before doing any calculations, we examine the motivation behind these calculations.   Many times the gamma functions show up behind the scenes.   Several probability density functions  are stated in terms of the gamma function. Examples of these include the gamma distribution and students t-distribution,   The importance of the gamma function cannot be overstated.   Γ ( 1 ) The first example calculation that we will study is finding the value of the gamma function for Γ ( 1 ). This is found by setting z 1 in the above formula: ∠«0∞e - tdt We calculate the above integral in two steps: The indefinite integral ∠«e - tdt -e - t CThis is an improper integral, so we have ∠«0∞e - tdt limb → ∞ -e - b e 0 1 Γ ( 2 ) The next example calculation that we will consider is similar to the last example, but we increase the value of z by 1.   We now calculate the value of the gamma function for Γ ( 2 ) by setting z 2 in the above formula. The steps are the same as above: Γ ( 2 ) ∠«0∞e - tt dt The indefinite integral ∠«te - tdt- te - t -e - t C.   Although we have only increased the value of z by 1, it takes more work to calculate this integral.   In order to find this integral, we must use a technique from calculus known as integration by parts. We now use the limits of integration just as above and need to calculate: limb → ∞ - be - b -e - b -0e 0 e 0. A result from calculus known as L’Hospital’s rule allows us to calculate the limit limb → ∞ - be - b 0. This means that the value of our integral above is 1. Γ (z 1 ) zΓ (z ) Another feature of the gamma function and one which connects it to the factorial is the formula Γ (z 1 ) zΓ (z ) for z any complex number with a positive real part. The reason why this is true is a direct result of the formula for the gamma function. By using integration by parts we can establish this property of the gamma function.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

A story with an epiphany and gothic sensibility like Southern Gothic Assignment

A story with an epiphany and gothic sensibility like Southern Gothic - Assignment Example He didn’t want his brat of a sister using them while he was gone. He was pretty sure he’d locked the video cabinet and he knew he’d secured the padlock just in case, but he couldn’t remember if he’d fully bolted his bedroom door. They drove all the way out to the house without a word. Uncle Jack was actually Stan’s great-uncle and they didn’t have much in common. Uncle Jack belonged to the old world before there was a color TV in every room and barely even knew what a computer was. He also almost never talked. As they pulled up to the crumbling old Colonial, Stan’s hazel eyes widened with shock at what he saw. Just from the outside, it looked like the place should be condemned, not fixed up in a bid for a historical marker. The drive was choked with weeds, the balconies sagged and the shutters, where present, sagged in frames of broken or missing glass. â€Å"Family helps itself,† Jack muttered, ambling over to the front door, fumbling with the large ring of keys he’d brought with him. Stan was impressed. Keys meant control and possession, two of his favorite things. Uncle Jack swung the blue painted wood door inward with a barely perceptible creak and Stan walked into a hallway filled with sunlight as it danced across the millions of dust motes the outer breeze was stirring. His first reaction was a giant sneeze. It was going to be worse than he thought. Jack pointed to doorways as they stomped down a frayed rug – â€Å"parlor, drawing room’s through that doorway there, library, den’s in the back, dining, storage, this here’s where we stay – servant room.† The door opened to a small cramped space that was just large enough for two twin beds, a nightstand each and a single dresser – no closet. But it was clean and he could smell the wholesome scent of fresh sheets. Stan explored the rest of the house, finding several more bedrooms on the second floor, none of which had a decent

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Slumdog Millionaire. World and Independent Cinema Essay

Slumdog Millionaire. World and Independent Cinema - Essay Example The movie is a non-Hollywood production because it is casted in Indian origin. Slumdog Millionaire drama is in the category of Indo-British productions, not a strictly British drama. Discussion Slumdog Millionaire by Danny Boyle is a movie so upbeat and fascinating that, as one shares its infectious tone of optimism to colleagues, he could forget that the movie features orphans, slaughter, poverty, oppression, organized crime and policy hostility in its crowd moving repertoire of pain and renewal. In fact, the move culminates with and stand-up-and-dance mood. Produced purely in India and high on location, the film fabric is captivatingly rational. The story featured in the film is a pure fantasy motivated, in part, by Celador’s, co-producer, motive to enshrine its victorious innovation, the game show â€Å"Who wishes to become a millionaire?† in a film (Bloese and Shipton, 2010, p.42). Additionally, Boyle manages to leave these scary starts behind to produce a movie cha racterized by creativity and humanity and always looks on the attractive part of the tragedy. The play is a comprehensive conceit: Simon Beaufoy, the writer has split up the novel by Swarup Vikas and translated it into rags-to-riches yarn regarding Dev Patel or Jamal, a juvenile slum-born grown-up in Mumbai who presents such a fabulous presentation on ‘Millionaire’. ... , an 18-year-old teen orphan from Mumbai slum reflects back on his turbulent life while struggling to gain twenty million Indian rupees on Boyle stirring file of â€Å"who wishes to become a Millionaire.† Malik Jamal does not have a coin of his own, but he believes that this could change in a transform immediately. He is just a question away from winning the key prize on the most popular TV game show, in India, but as with all previous experiences in life of Jamal, this is not going to be possible (Bloese and Shipton, 2010, p.48). Detained by police under mistrust of deception, Jamal is questioned by authorities. In fact, the police cannot imagine that a mere â€Å"slumdog† could have the knowledge to attain such success in the game. Therefore, in a bid to convince the police of how he earned the knowledge, Jamal starts flashing back on his earlier life as a child. As a small boy, Jamal lived in shabbiness, and lost his mommy in a mass violence on Muslims. Consequently, Jamal and his brother Salim were force to depend on their wits to live, the desperate boys ended up in petty crime, ultimately befriending lovable yet gutsy teen Latika as they searched for shelter and food on the intolerant Mumbai streets. Although street live was never smooth, Jamal experiences eventually imparted the expertise required to answer the challenging questions asked to him on the show. Although Jamal makes a persuasive argument for himself, a substantial question remains, why would a teenage with no clear need for riches or recognition be so strong-minded to earn large sum on a national television game? Slumdog Millionaire film is core authored by Caledor Movies, directors of the original television show rights, and so it acts works as a character-length product placement for the project,

Saturday, November 16, 2019

What Is Meant by the Terms Aims and Objectives Essay Example for Free

What Is Meant by the Terms Aims and Objectives Essay A mission describes the organisations basic functions in society, this is in terms of the products and services that it produces for its customers. A clear business mission should have each of the following elements Purpose, this is why the business exists, next there is the Strategy and scope, this is what the business is doing and going to try and achieve, next is the standards and behaviours, this is the rules and regulations of how the business is to be operated, finally there is the values, this is what the management believes in for the business to work. The aims of a business can be different depending on which sector they’re in: Privately owned business: This business focuses more on their customers and the employees, with the costs of their products or how they give the value for the money to the products that they sell. They also focus on the profit maximisation, the growth, and their increasing market share survival. Publicly owned organisations: These may mention the service they provide, the work they do is included in the missions statements about the quality of their efficiency ad customers. These are also here to provide the best service possible to the community with the money that is provided by the government for them to spend. Non-for-profit and voluntary organisations: These people focus on the services they provide, the causes they support or their aims in helping those who are in need. These also focus on charities for example: Oxfam, British heart foundation, and many more charities, that will help people who are indeed. †¢Values †¢Strategy and scope †¢Standards and Behaviours 3 Examples of mission statements. EasyJet To provide its customers with safe, good value, point-to-point air services. To effect and to offer a consistent and reliable product and fares appealing to leisure and business markets on a range of European routes. To achieve this they will develop their people and establish lasting relationships with their suppliers. Reference: http://www.bized.co.uk/compfact/easyjet/easy8.htm BAA Our mission is to make BAA the most successful airport group in the world. This means: †¢Always focusing on our customers needs and safety. †¢Achieving continuous improvements in the profitability, costs and quality of all our processes and services. †¢Enabling us all to give of our best. †¢Growing with the support and trust of our neighbours. Source: BAA Web site Reference: http://www.bized.co.uk/compfact/baa/baa8.htm McDonalds McDonalds aim to be the UKs best fast service restaurant experience. Reference: http://www.bized.co.uk/compfact/mcdonalds/mc9.htm Many mission statements are quite short, but others are long. These all include the aims and the objectives of the business, in other words what the business is going to do and how it will achieve its missions. 5 Business Aims: †¢Survival, Is a concern for all business especially when they first start trading, To survive a business needs to work really hard to find and keep customers, but making sure there a lot better than their competitors. †¢ Growth, this is another way of saying of increasing the sales, but the sales can be increased by increasing the market share, by selling in new areas or to new customers of the country, or even developing better products or services. †¢Breaking Even, In order for a business to service it needs to be able to break even, this is the point where a business becomes self sufficient, where the money it collects in each sales is equal to the money it spends on costs. †¢Sales, this is where some businesses only focus on their increasing sales, perhaps because they think that big firms can compete more effectively than smaller companies/ businesses. †¢Market Share,  This is where many companies will aim to increase their market share each year by winning its customers away from their rivals. The aims of a business will vary depending on the sector they’re in. †¢Private Sector, the aims for this are profit maximisation, growth, increasing market share and survival. And they also would be looking to expand the business. †¢Government, the aims for this sector is to grow the economy, to help provide the best services to the public, they also are there to keep people safe to create a fair community. †¢Public sector, there aims are to provide the best service that is possible to the community with money which is provided by the government, they also are here to help improve service provision and they also have to operate within the budget that is at break even. †¢Not-for- profit, this is to raise awareness of particular causes and is to provide the best service possible with the available money. And are to increase the rand of services †¢Voluntary sector, this sector is to raise awareness of particular causes and is to provide the best service possible, with all the volunteers that are available. These also support a free service to the needy. Example of Business Aims †¢British Airways, this year we have mapped out a long-term vision for our business. It is to be the world’s leading global premium airline. http://www.britishairways.com/cms/global/microsites/ba_ report0809/pdfs/Strategy.pdf †¢Sainsbury, Aims are to provide a safe and prosperous town for its residents advertise as much as possible http://www.ukqna.com/business/2906-2-buesiness-ukqna.html †¢Easy Jet, to provide its customers with safe, good value, point-to-point air services. To effect and to offer a consistent and reliable product and fares appealing to leisure and business markets on a range of European routes. http://www.experts123.com/q/what-are-the-business-aims-and-objectives-of-easyjet.html †¢Tesco’s Value for money- competitive prices- meeting consumer needs progressive returns on investment. http://www.blurit.com/q901525.html †¢Oxfam, to examine levels and determinates of utilisation in the views of  various stakeholders (population, health committees, providers, health authorities) in the context of cost sharing. http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/downloads/wp_costsharing_yemen/wp_yemen_2aims Business Objectives. Aims are where the business wants to go in the future; these are long term achievements for a dream to come true for them. Objectives are more specific than aims. They are set over the short to medium term. Objectives are necessary because aims, in themselves, are to general and may be overwhelming. The aims maybe *for example*, to go to university. Business can meet their objectives by keeping focused on what they’re going to do, and what they need to do to get to that objective. For example, wanting to go to university, they need to get all their A levels. Objectives need to be smart in order for them to be realistic and work for a business. Smart- stands for †¢Specific- You need to have a clear statement about what you will be doing. It is usually quantified, which this means that it has a number in it. †¢Measurable- Achievement can be checked. By keeping a record of your progress, and the completed assessment, this will be able to measure the achievements. †¢Achievable- you can attain you’re target if you work hard, you can also do really well if you stretch you’re self. †¢Realistic- Your target should be sensible one that you can stand a chance of achieving it, for example, saying you will make  £2000 a week. †¢Time- Constrained- every objective should have a date included for achievement or review. This acts as warning, as well as backup if you happen to be falling behind. The objectives of a business will vary depending on the sector they’re in. †¢Private Sector, Increase sales, and reduce the costs to develop new products and services, improve existing products and services to hopefully find new customers. †¢Government, to reduce the crime to set the appropriate taxes, petrol prices, and provide the best schools and hospitals, to create new laws they should also improve the product quality. †¢Public sector, to  exceed customer expectations, for example they could reduce the waiting time in hospitals, help to improve exam results for GCSE and A level students. And they want to lower crime rates. They could also try and meet customer targets. And keep the costs low. †¢Not-for- profit, to raise more money and to reduce the costs so more money can be used on the services, to improve services, to get more people aware of the particular cause. †¢Voluntary sector, they want to get more volunteers to help improve their servi ces. They also want to increase revenue from donations. They should also take into account of reducing costs. Examples of Business objectives: The first set of objectives is taken from Kellogg’s a PLC business and the other objectives are from a not for profit organisation Barbados’s . †¢Kellogg’s, 1.encourage and support physical activity among all sectors of the population 2.use resources to sponsor activities and run physical activity focused community programmes for its consumers and the public in general 3.increase the association between Kellogg and physical activity 4.use the cereal packs to communicate the balance message to consumers 5.Introduce food labelling that would enable consumers to make decisions about the right balance of food. http://www.thetimes100.co.uk/case-studyusing-aims-objectives-to-create-business-strategy6-267-3.php Barnardos ambition for the next three years is to help as many families and children as possible to overcome disadvantage. To fulfil this ambition, our aims include to: †¢use donations to help the most vulnerable and †¢hardest to reach children and young people †¢better demonstrate the effectiveness of †¢our children’s services †¢extend our reach into minority communities †¢campaign fearlessly on behalf of a population †¢of disadvantaged children, young people and †¢families who struggle to represent themselves †¢exceed the average fundraising performance †¢across charities in the UK †¢grow awareness of and active support for †¢Barnardo’s work †¢attract more volunteers, especially to our †¢stores and children’s services †¢continue to grow our net retail income †¢drive up organisational performance and †¢Increase our competitive advantage. http://www.barnardos.org.uk/annual_review_2010_interactive.pdf

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Romeo and Juliet: A Timeless Tragedy :: essays research papers

Romeo and Juliet: A Timeless Tragedy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Shakespeare wrote his ever famous play, Romeo and Juliet, in 1595. Like many of Shakespeare’s plays, the story of Romeo and Juliet is timeless and has proven to remain perhaps the most popular story of tragic love. In 1968, 373 years after the play was originally written, a new movie was released and hailed as a new and futuristic Romeo and Juliet. This film is directed by Franco Zeffirelli and stars Leonard Whiting as Romeo and Olivia Hussey as Juliet. Then, in 1996, a mere 401 years after Shakespeare’s original production, Baz Luhrmann directed a new Romeo and Juliet that features Leonardo Dicaprio as Romeo and Claire Danes as Juliet. This film is extremely futuristic compared to any other version that has been produced. The two films differ from Shakespeare’s original play in some respects, but most viewers would agree that these films both follow Shakespeare’s story with adaptations to the time at which they were produced.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Franco Zeffirelli’s version of the play follows Shakespeare’s version very closely. The buildings and costumes reveal that the setting in this film is old Verona during Shakespeare’s time. The plot is nearly exact when compared to the original play. Most viewers would agree that Zeffirelli’s movie would not surprise that audience of William Shakespeare. Aside from the this production being a movie on a screen instead of an actual, first hand play, the language, plot, setting, and costumes are very similar to what an audience 400 years ago might expect. Although both films have been named futuristic, more so is the version by Baz Luhrmann. Luhrmann took Romeo and Juliet in a different direction. The story takes place in the future where buildings, costumes, and weapons are all suggestive of the future, but the language and basic plot structure is extremely similar to Shakespeare’s original Romeo and Juliet. The movie opens with a prologue in the form of evening news on television, and it tells that this will be a story of “star cross’d lovers'; who will die for their love of each other. Each difference takes an element of the original play and adapts it to the new setting. Shakespeare’s play had servants of both the Capulet family and the Montague family starting a fight in a public square. Luhrmann introduced these characters as the “Capulet Boys'; and the “Montague Boys';. The fight breaks out in a gas station and continues throughout a busy street.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Difficult Professional Situation

In my professional life, I have encountered a lot of difficult situations but one way or another I find a way to get over it. Problems hound every institution and the skills of the employees and how these employees handle difficult situations reflect how a company recovers from such problems. I am proud to say that I can consider myself as one of these good employees who can handle difficult situations.One of the most difficult situations I have faced in my entire career was when I worked at Freddie Mac during all of the restatements. The Sarbanes Oxley Act was just implemented at the time and I was in a team assigned to implement control processes required by the act. As my team was working, we noticed that many of the managers would not take the changes seriously. They perceive that it is not as important as their other tasks.Having seen this problem, I suggested that we make the process more appealing. Incentives were put in place so that the different teams will start to take the process more seriously. After some time, the tasks became second nature to all the employees. As a result, the entire firm took note of our success and we were given due recognition for our efforts. Others departments within the company also took note of our success and decided to implement the same to ensure the right processes are observed.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

New Hoarding Technique for Handling Disconnection in Mobile

Literature Survey On New Hoarding Technique for Handling Disconnection in Mobile Submitted by Mayur Rajesh Bajaj (IWC2011021) In Partial fulfilment for the award of the degree Of Master of Technology In INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (Specialization: Wireless Communication and Computing) [pic] Under the Guidance of Dr. Manish Kumar INDIAN INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, ALLAHABAD (A University Established under sec. 3 of UGC Act, 1956 vide Notification no. F. 9-4/99-U. 3 Dated 04. 08. 2000 of the Govt. of India) (A Centre of Excellence in Information Technology Established by Govt. of India) Table of Contents [pic] 1.Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 2. Related Work and Motivation 1. Coda: The Pioneering System for Hoarding†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 2. Hoarding Based on Data Mining Techniques†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 3. Hoarding Techniques Based on Program Trees†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 4. Hoarding in a Distributed Environment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 5.Hoarding content for mobile learning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 6. Mobile Clients Through Cooperative Hoarding†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 7. Comparative Discussion previous techniques†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 3. Problem Definition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 4. New Approach Suggested 1. Zipf’s Law †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 2. Object Hotspot Prediction Model†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13 5. Schedule of Work†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13 6. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 14 . Introduction Mobile devices are the computers which are having wireless communication capabilities to access global data services from any location while roaming. Now a day’s mobile devices are supporting applications such as multimedia, World Wide Web and other high profile applications which demands continuous connections and Mobile devices are lacking here. However, mobile devices with wireless communication are frequently disconnected from the network due to the cost of wireless communication or the unavailability of the wireless network.Disconnection period of mobile device from its network is called as offline period. Such offline periods may appear for different reasons – intentional (e. g. , the available connection is too expensive for the user) or unintentional (e. g. , lack of infrastructure at a given time and location). During offline periods the user can only access materials located on the device’s local memory. Mobile systems typically have a relatively small amount of memory, which is often not enough to store all the needed data for ongoing activities to continue.In such a case, a decision should be taken on which part of the data has to be cached. Often we cannot count on the user’s own judgement of what he/she will need and prefetch. Rather, in our opinion, some sort of automatic prefetching would be desirable. Uninterrupted operation in offline mode will be in high demand and the mobile computer systems should provide support for it. Seamless disconnection can be achieved by loading the files that a user will access in the future from the network to the local storage. This preparation process for disconnected operation is called hoarding.Few of the parameters which complicate the hoarding process are prediction of future access pattern of the user, handling of hoard miss, limited local hoard memory and unpredictable disconnections and reconnection, activities on hoarded object at other clients, the asymmetry of communications bandwidth in downstream and upstream. An important point is to measure the quality of the hoarding and to try to improve it continuously. An often used metric in the evaluation of caching proxies is the hit ratio. Hit ratio is calculated by dividing the number of by the total number of uploaded predictions.It is a good measure for hoarding systems, though a better measure is the miss ratio – a percentage of accesses for which the cache is ineffective. In this work we have given brief overview of the techniques proposed in earlier days and also given the idea for the new hoarding technique. 2. Related Work and Motivation Before the early 1990’s, there was little research on hoarding. Since then, however, interest has increased dramatically among research scientists and professors around the globe and many techniques have been developed. Here we have listed few of the techniques and also will discuss them in brief. Coda: The Pioneering System for Hoarding †¢ Hoarding Based on Data Mining Techniques ? SEER Hoarding System (inspired by clustering technique) ? Association Rule-Based Techniques ? Hoarding Based on Hyper Graph ? Probability Graph Based Technique †¢ Hoarding Techniques Based on Program Trees †¢ Hoarding in a Distributed Environment †¢ Hoarding content for mobile learning †¢ Mobile Clients Through Cooperative Hoarding 2. 1 Coda Coda is a distributed file system based on client–server architecture, where there are many clients and a comparatively smaller number of servers.It is the first system that enabled users to work in disconnected mode. The concept of hoarding was introduced by the Coda group as a means of enabling disconnected operation. Disconnections in Coda are assumed to occur involuntarily due to network failures or voluntarily due to the detachment of a mobile client from the network. Voluntary and involuntary disconnections are handled the same way. The cache manager of Coda, called Venus, is designed to work in disconnected mode by serving client requests from the cache when the mobile client is detached from the network.Requests to the files that are not in the cache during disconnection are reflected to the client as failures. The hoarding system of Coda lets users select the files that they will hopefully need in the future. This information is used to decide what to load to the local storage. For disconnected operation, files are loaded to the client local storage, because the master copies are kept at stationary servers, there is the notion of replication and how to manage locks on the local copies. When the disconnection is voluntary, Coda handles this case by obtaining exclusive locks to files.However in case of involuntary disconnection, the system should defer the conflicting lock requests for an object to the reconnection time, which may not be predictable. The cache management system of Coda, called Venus, diff ers from the previous ones in that it incorporates user profiles in addition to the recent reference history. Each workstation maintains a list of pathnames, called the hoard database. These pathnames specify objects of interest to the user at the workstation that maintains the hoard database. Users can modify the hoard database via scripts, which are called hoard profiles.Multiple hoard profiles can be defined by the same user and a combination of these profiles can be used to modify the hoard database. Venus provides the user with an option to specify two time points during which all file references will be recorded. Due to the limitations of the mobile cache space, users can also specify priorities to provide the hoarding system with hints about the importance of file objects. Precedence is given to high priority objects during hoarding where the priority of an object is a combination of the user specified priority and a parameter indicating how recently it was accessed.Venus per forms a hierarchical cache management, which means that a directory is not purged unless all the subdirectories are already purged. In summary, the Coda hoarding mechanism is based on a least recently used (LRU) policy plus the user specified profiles to update the hoard data-base, which is used for cache management. It relies on user intervention to determine what to hoard in addition to the objects already maintained by the cache management system. In that respect, it can be classified as semi-automated.Researchers developed more advanced techniques with the aim of minimizing the user intervention in determining the set of objects to be hoarded. These techniques will be discussed in the following sections. 2. 2 Hoarding based on Data mining Techniques Knowing the interested pattern from the large collection of data is the basis of data mining. In the earlier history of hoarding related works researchers have applied many different data mining techniques in this arena of mobile hoa rding. Mainly clustering and association rule mining techniques were adopted from data mining domain. . 2. 1 SEER Hoarding System To automate the hoarding process, author developed a hoarding system called SEER that can make hoarding decisions without user intervention. The basic idea in SEER is to organize users’ activities as projects in order to provide more accurate hoarding decisions. A distance measure needs to be defined in order to apply clustering algorithms to group related files. SEER uses the notion of semantic distance based on the file reference behaviour of the files for which semantic distance needs to be calculated.Once the semantic distance between pairs of files are calculated, a standard clustering algorithm is used to partition the files into clusters. The developers of SEER also employ some filters based on the file type and other conventions introduced by the specific file system they assumed. The basic architecture of the SEER predictive hoarding syste m is provided in figure 1. The observer monitors user behaviour (i. e. , which files are accessed at what time) and feeds the cleaned and formatted access paths to the correlator, which then generates the distances among files in terms of user access behaviour.The distances are called the semantic distance and they are fed to the cluster generator that groups the objects with respect to their distances. The aim of clustering is, given a set of objects and a similarity or distance matrix that describes the pairwise distances or similarities among a set of objects, to group the objects that are close to each other or similar to each other. Calculation of the distances between files is done by looking at the high-level file references, such as open or status inquiry, as opposed to individual reads and writes, which are claimed to obscure the process of distance calculation. pic] Figure 1. Architecture of the SEER Predictive Hoarding System The semantic distance between two file referen ces is based on the number of intervening references to other files in between these two file references. This definition is further enhanced by the notion of lifetime semantic distance. Lifetime semantic distance between an open file A and an open file B is the number of intervening file opens (including the open of B). If the file A is closed before B is opened, then the distance is defined to be zero.The lifetime semantic distance relates two references to different files; however it needs to be somehow converted to a distance measure between two files instead of file references. Geometric mean of the file references is calculated to obtain the distance between the two files. Keeping all pairwise distances takes a lot of space. Therefore, only the distances among the closest files are represented (closest is determined by a parameter K, K closest pairs for each file are considered). The developers of SEER used a variation of an agglomerative (i. e. bottom up) clustering algorithm called k nearest neighbour, which has a low time and space complexity. An agglomerative clustering algorithm first considers individual objects as clusters and tries to combine them to form larger clusters until all the objects are grouped into one single cluster. The algorithm they used is based on merging sub clusters into larger clusters if they share at least kn neighbours. If the two files share less than kn close files but more than kf, then the files in the clusters are replicated to form overlapping clusters instead of being merged.SEER works on top of a user level replication system such as Coda and leaves the hoarding process to the underlying file system after providing the hoard database. The files that are in the same project as the file that is currently in use are included to the set of files to be hoarded. During disconnected operation, hoard misses are calculated to give a feedback to the system. 2. 2. 2 Association Rule-Based Techniques Association rule overview: Let I=i1,i2†¦.. im be a set of literals, called items and D be a set of transactions, such that ?T ? D; T? I. A transaction T contains a set of items X if X? T. An association rule is denoted by an implication of the form X ? Y, where X? I, Y ? I, and X ? Y = NULL. A rule X ? Y is said to hold in the transaction set D with confidence c if c% of the transactions in D that contain X also contain Y. The rule X? Y has support sin the transaction set D if s% of transactions in D contains X? Y. The problem of mining association rules is to find all the association rules that have a support and a confidence greater than user-specified thresholds.The thresholds for confidence and support are called minconf and minsup respectively. In Association Rule Based Technique for hoarding, authors described an application independent and generic technique for determining what should be hoarded prior to disconnection. This method utilizes association rules that are extracted by data mining techni ques for determining the set of items that should be hoarded to a mobile computer prior to disconnection. The proposed method was implemented and tested on synthetic data to estimate its effectiveness.The process of automated hoarding via association rules can be summarized as follows: Step 1: Requests of the client in the current session are used through an inferencing mechanism to construct the candidate set prior to disconnection. Step 2: Candidate set is pruned to form the hoard set. Step 3: Hoard set is loaded to the client cache. The need to have separate steps for constructing the candidate set and the hoard set arises from the fact that users also move from one machine to another that may have lower resources.The construction of the hoard set must adapt to such potential changes. Construction of candidate set: An inferencing mechanism is used to construct the candidate set of data items that are of interest to the client to be disconnected. The candidate set of the client is constructed in two steps; 1. The inferencing mechanism finds the association rules whose heads (i. e. , left hand side) match with the client’s requests in the current session, 2. The tails (i. e. , right hand side) of the matching rules are collected into the candidate set.Construction of Hoard set: The client that issued the hoard request has limited re-sources. The storage resource is of particular importance for hoarding since we have a limited space to load the candidate set. Therefore, the candidate set obtained in the first phase of the hoarding set should shrink to the hoard set so that it fits the client cache. Each data item in the candidate set is associated with a priority. These priorities together with various heuristics must be incorporated for determining the hoard set. The data items are used to sort the rules in descending order of priorities.The hoard set is constructed out of the data items with the highest priority in the candidate set just enough to fil l the cache. 3. Hoarding Based on Hyper Graph Hyper graph based approach presents a kind of low-cost automatic data hoarding technology based on rules and hyper graph model. It first uses data mining technology to extract sequence relevance rules of data from the broadcasting history, and then formulates hyper graph model, sorting the data into clusters through hyper graph partitioning methods and sorting them topologically.Finally, according to the data invalid window and the current visit record, data in corresponding clusters will be collected. Hyper graph model: Hyper graph model is defined as H = (V, E) where V={v1 ,v2 ,†¦ ,vn } is the vertices collection of hyper graph, and E={e1 ,e2 ,†¦ ,em } is super-edge collection of hyper graph (there supposed to be m super-edges in total). Hyper graph is an extension of graph, in which each super-edge can be connected with two or more vertices. Super-edge is the collection of a group of vertices in hyper graph, and superedge ei = {vi1, vi2, †¦ inj} in which vi1,vi2 ,†¦ ,vin ? V . In this model, vertices collection V corresponds to the history of broadcast data, in which each point corresponds to a broadcast data item, and each super-edge corresponds to a sequence model. Sequence model shows the orders of data items. A sequence model in size K can be expressed as p = . Use of hyper graph in hoarding are discussed in paper in details. 4. Probability Graph Based Technique This paper proposed a low-cost automated hoarding for mobile computing.Advantage of this approach is it does not explore application specific heuristics, such as the directory structure or file extension. The property of application independence makes this algorithm applicable to any predicative caching system to address data hoarding. The most distinguished feature of this algorithm is that it uses probability graph to represent data relationships and to update it at the same time when user’s request is processed. Before d isconnection, the cluster algorithm divides data into groups.Then, those groups with the highest priority are selected into hoard set until the cache is filled up. Analysis shows that the overhead of this algorithm is much lower than previous algorithms. Probability Graph: An important parameter used to construct probability graph is look-ahead period. It is a fixed number of file references that defines what it means for one file to be opened ‘soon’ after another. In other words, for a specific file reference, only references within the look-ahead period are considered related. In fact, look-ahead period is an approximate method to avoid traversing the whole trace.Unlike constructing probability graph from local file systems, in the context of mobile data access, data set is dynamically collected from remote data requests. Thus, we implemented a variation of algorithm used to construct probability graph, as illustrated in Figure 2. [pic] Figure 2. Constructing the prob ability graph The basic idea is simple: If a reference to data object A follows the reference to data object B within the look-ahead period, then the weight of directed arc from B to A is added by one. The look-ahead period affects absolute weight of arcs.Larger look-ahead period produces more arcs and larger weight. A ’s dependency to B is represented by the ratio of weight of arc from B to A divided by the total weight of arcs leaving B. Clustering: Before constructing the final hoard set, data objects are clustered into groups based on dependency among data objects. The main objective of the clustering phase is to guarantee closely related data objects are partitioned into the same group. In the successive selecting phase, data objects are selected into hoard set at the unit of group. This design provides more continuity in user operation when disconnected.Selecting Groups: The following four kinds of heuristic information are applicable for calculating priority for a grou p: †¢ Total access time of all data objects; †¢ Average access time of data objects; †¢ Access time of the start data object; †¢ Average access time per byte. 2. Hoarding Techniques Based on Program Trees A hoarding tool based on program execution trees was developed by author running under OS/2 operating system. Their method is based on analyzing program executions to construct a profile for each program depending on the files the program accesses.They proposed a solution to the hoarding problem in case of informed disconnections: the user tells the mobile computer that there is an imminent disconnection to fill the cache intelligently so that the files that will be used in the future are already there in the cache when needed. [pic] Figure 3. Sample program Tree This hoarding mechanism lets the user make the hoarding decision. They present the hoarding options to the user through a graphical user interface and working sets of applications are captured automatic ally. The working sets are detected by logging the user file accesses at the background.During hoarding, this log is analyzed and trees that represent the program executions are constructed. A node denotes a file and a link from a parent to one of its child nodes tells us that either the child is opened by the parent or it is executed by the parent. Roots of the trees are the initial processes. Program trees are constructed for each execution of a program, which captures multiple contexts of executions of the same program. This has the advantage that the whole context is captured from different execution times of the program.Finally, hoarding is performed by taking the union of all the execution trees of a running program. A sample program tree is provided in Figure 3. Due to the storage limitations of mobile computers, the number of trees that can be stored for a program is limited to 15 LRU program trees. Hoarding through program trees can be thought of as a generalization of a pr o-gram execution by looking at the past behaviour. The hoarding mechanism is enhanced by letting the user rule out the data files. Data files are automatically detected using three complementary heuristics: 1.Looking at the filename extensions and observing the filename conventions in OS/2, files can be distinguished as executable, batch files, or data files. 2. Directory inferencing is used as a spatial locality heuristic. The files that differ in the top level directory in their pathnames from the running program are assumed to be data files, but the programs in the same top level directory are assumed to be part of the same program. 3. Modification times of the files are used as the final heuristic to deter-mine the type of a file. Data files are assumed to be modified more recently and frequently than the executables.They devised a parametric model for evaluation, which is based on recency and frequency. 3. Hoarding in a Distributed Environment Another hoarding mechanism, which was presented for specific application in distributed system, assumes a specific architecture, such as infostations where mobile users are connected to the network via wireless local area networks (LANs) that offer a high bandwidth, which is a cheaper option compared to wireless wide area networks (WANs). The hoarding process is handed over to the infostations in that model and it is assumed that what the user wants to access is location-dependent.Hoarding is proposed to fill the gap between the capacity and cost trade-off between wireless WANS and wireless LANs. The infestations do the hoarding and when a request is not found in the infostation, then WAN will be used to get the data item. The hoarding decision is based on the user access patterns coupled with that user’s location information. Items frequently accessed by mobile users are recorded together with spatial information (i. e. , where they were accessed). A region is divided into hoarding areas and each infostation is responsible with one hoarding area. 4. Hoarding content for mobile learningHoarding in the learning context is the process for automatically choosing what part of the overall learning content should be prepared and made available for the next offline period of a learner equipped with a mobile device. We can split the hoarding process into few steps that we will discuss further in more details: 1. Predict the entry point of the current user for his/her next offline learning session. We call it the ‘starting point’. 2. Create a ‘candidate for caching’ set. This set should contain related documents (objects) that the user might access from the starting point we have selected. 3.Prune the set – the objects that probably will not be needed by the user should be excluded from the candidate set, thus making it smaller. This should be done based on user behaviour observations and domain knowledge. 4. Find the priority to all objects still in the hoarding set after pruning. Using all the knowledge available about the user and the current learning domain, every object left in the hoarding set should be assigned a priority value. The priority should mean how important the object is for the next user session and should be higher if we suppose that there is a higher probability that an object will be used sooner. . Sort the objects based on their priority, and produce an ordered list of objects. 6. Cache, starting from the beginning of the list (thus putting in the device cache those objects with higher priority) and continue with the ones with smaller weights until available memory is filled in. 5. Mobile Clients Through Cooperative Hoarding Recent research has shown that mobile users often move in groups. Cooperative hoarding takes advantage of the fact that even when disconnected from the network, clients may still be able to communicate with each other in ad-hoc mode.By performing hoarding cooperatively, clients can share their hoar d content during disconnections to achieve higher data accessibility and reduce the risk of critical cache misses. Two cooperative hoarding schemes, GGH and CAP, have been proposed. GGH improves hoard performance by al-lowing clients to take advantage of what their peers have hoarded when making their own hoarding decisions. On the other hand, CAP selects the best client in the group to Hoard each object to maximise the number of unique objects hoarded and minimise access cost. Simulation results show that compare to existing schemes.Details of GGH and CAP are given in paper. 2. 7 Comparative Discussion previous techniques The hoarding techniques discussed above vary depending on the target system and it is difficult to make an objective comparative evaluation of their effectiveness. We can classify the hoarding techniques as being auto-mated or not. In that respect, being the initial hoarding system, Coda is semiautomated and it needs human intervention for the hoarding decision. T he rest of the hoarding techniques discussed are fully automated; how-ever, user supervision is always desirable to give a final touch to the files to be hoarded.Among the automated hoarding techniques, SEER and program tree-based ones assume a specific operating system and use semantic information about the files, such as the naming conventions, or file reference types and so on to construct the hoard set. However, the ones based on association rule mining and infostation environment do not make any operating system specific assumptions. Therefore, they can be used in generic systems. Coda handles both voluntary and involuntary disconnections well.The infostation-based hoarding approach is also inherently designed for involuntary disconnections, because hoarding is done during the user passing in the range of the infostation area. However, the time of disconnection can be predicted with a certain error bound by considering the direction and the speed of the moving client predicting when the user will go out of range. The program tree-based methods are specifically designed for previously informed disconnections. The scenario assumed in the case of infostations is a distributed wire-less infrastructure, which makes it unique among the hoarding mechanisms.This case is especially important in today’s world where peer-to-peer systems are becoming more and more popular. 3. Problem Definition The New Technique that we have planned to design for hoarding will be used on Mobile Network. Goals that we have set are a. Finding a solution having optimal hit ratio in the hoard at local node. b. Technique should not have greater time complexity because we don’t have much time for performing hoarding operation after the knowledge of disconnection. c. Optimal utilization of hoard memory. d. Support for both intentional and unintentional disconnection. e.Proper handling of conflicts in hoarded objects upon reconnection. However, our priority will be for hit rati o than the other goals that we have set. We will take certain assumptions about for other issues if we find any scope of improvement in hit ratio. 4. New Approach 4. 1 Zipf’s Law It is a mathematical tool to describe the relationship between words in a text and their frequencies. Considering a long text and assigning ranks to all words by the frequencies in this text, the occurrence probability P (i) of the word with rank i satisfies the formula below, which is known as Zipf first law, where C is a constant.P (i) = [pic] †¦. (1) This formula is further extended into a more generalized form, known as Zipf-like law. P (i) = [pic]†¦. (2) Obviously, [pic]†¦. (3) Now According to (2) and (3), we have C[pic] [pic] Our work is to dynamically calculate for different streams and then according to above Formula (2) and (4), the hotspot can be predicted based on the ranking of an object. 4. 2 Object Hotspot Prediction Model 4. 2. 1 Hotspot Classification We classify hotsp ot into two categories: â€Å"permanent hotspot† and â€Å"stage hotspot†. Permanent hotspot is an object which is frequently accessed regularly.Stage hotspot can be further divided into two types: â€Å"cyclical hotspot† and â€Å"sudden hotspot†. Cyclical hotspot is an object which becomes popular periodically. If an object is considered as a focus suddenly, it is a sudden hotspot. 4. 2. 2. Hotspot Identification Hotspots in distributed stream-processing storage systems can be identified via a ranking policy (sorted by access frequencies of objects). In our design, the hotspot objects will be inserted into a hotspot queue. The maximum queue length is determined by the cache size and the average size of hotspot Objects.If an object’s rank is smaller than the maximum hotspot queue length (in this case, the rank is high), it will be considered as â€Å"hotspot† in our system. Otherwise it will be considered as â€Å"non hotspot†. And t he objects in the queue will be handled by hotspot cache strategy. 4. 2. 3 Hotspot Prediction This is our main section of interest, here we will try to determine the prediction model for hoard content with optimal hoard hit ratio. 5. Schedule of Work |Work |Scheduled Period |Remarks | |Studying revious work on Hoarding |July – Aug 2012 |Complete | |Identifying Problem |Sept 2012 |Complete | |Innovating New Approach |Oct 2012 |Ongoing | |Integrating with Mobile Arena as solution to Hoarding |Nov- Dec 2012 |- | |Simulation And Testing |Jan 2013 |- | |Optimization |Feb 2013 |- | |Simulation And Testing |Mar 2013 |- | |Writing Thesis Work / Journal Publication |Apr –May 2013 |- | 6. Conclusion In this literature survey we have discussed previous related work on hoarding. We have also given the requirements for the new technique that is planned to be design.Also we are suggesting a new approach that is coming under the category of Hoarding with Data Mining Techniques. Recen t studies have shown that the use of proposed technique i. e. Zipfs-Like law for caching over the web contents have improved the hit ratio to a greater extent. Here with this work we are expecting improvements in hit ratio of the local hoard. References [1]. James J. Kistler and Mahadev Satyanarayanan. Disconnected Operation in the Coda File System. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 3–25, 1992. [2]. Mahadev Satyanarayanan. The Evolution of Coda. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 85–124, 2002 [3]. Geoffrey H. Kuenning and Gerald J. Popek. Automated Hoarding for Mobile Computers.In Proceedings of the 16th ACM Symposium on Operating System Principles (SOSP 1997), October 5–8, St. Malo, France, pp. 264–275, 1997. [4]. Yucel Saygin, Ozgur Ulusoy, and Ahmed K. Elmagarmid. Association Rules for Supporting Hoarding in Mobile Computing Environments. In Proceedings of the 10th IEEE Workshop on Research Issues in Data Engineering (RIDE 2000), February 28–29, San Diego, pp. 71–78, 2000. [5]. Rakesh Agrawal and Ramakrishna Srikant, Fast Algorithms for Mining Association Rules. In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Very Large Databases, Chile, 1994. [6]. GUO Peng, Hu Hui, Liu Cheng. The Research of Automatic Data Hoarding Technique Based on Hyper Graph.Information Science and Engineering (ICISE), 1st International Conference, 2009. [7]. Huan Zhou, Yulin Feng, Jing Li. Probability graph based data hoarding for mobile environment. Presented at Information & Software Technology, pp. 35-41, 2003. [8]. Carl Tait, Hui Lei, Swarup Acharya, and Henry Chang. Intelligent File Hoarding for Mobile Computers. In Proceedings of the 1st Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MOBICOM’95), Berkeley, CA, 1995. [9]. Anna Trifonova and Marco Ronchetti. Hoarding content for mobile learning. Journal International Journal of Mobile Communications archive V olume 4 Issue 4, Pages 459-476, 2006. [10]. Kwong Yuen Lai, Zahir Tari, Peter Bertok.Improving Data Accessibility for Mobile Clients through Cooperative Hoarding. Data Engineering, ICDE proceedings 21st international Conference 2005. [11]. G. Zipf, Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort. Addison-Wesley, 1949. [12]. Chentao Wu, Xubin He, Shenggang Wan, Qiang Cao and Changsheng Xie. Hotspot Prediction and Cache in Distributed Stream-processing Storage Systems. Performance Computing and Communications Conference (IPCCC) IEEE 28th International, 2009. [13]. Lei Shi, Zhimin Gu, Lin Wei and Yun Shi. An Applicative Study of Zipf’s Law on Web Cache International Journal of Information Technology Vol. 12 No. 4 2006. [14]. Web link: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Zipf%27s_law

Thursday, November 7, 2019

7 Things You Should Do in Your 20s to Become a Millionaire by 30

7 Things You Should Do in Your 20s to Become a Millionaire by 30 We all wish we could be rich. But if you’re young and smart and driven enough, you could be! In some cases, it is possible. Particularly if you’re able to make tough choices and choose to save where others choose to spend. Regardless,  one of the most important things you should be doing is managing your money responsibly. If done so correctly, you may very well become a millionaire by 30. That being said, here are 7 steps towards making your millionaire dreams come true. Start following them now before you hit the big Three-Oh.1. Write your planNo amount of desire is going to put the wealth in your account. You’ll need to actually come up with a feasible plan and put it on actual paper. Calculate exactly what you’d need to earn- and invest- to reach your goal. Then plan the options on how you’ll do it, whether that means focusing on a Roth IRA or a 401k, etc.2. SAVEYou can’t get there without this step. Period. Start saving immediately- fi rst an emergency fund, and then a high interest yielding account for everything you accumulate on top of that. Make a point of putting away half of every raise or tax refund, for example. And then don’t touch it unless an emergency occurs.3. Live cheaplyYou don’t need to be in poverty to live beneath your means. Just say no to high profile purchases that will crack open your budget- like expensive cars, extravagant houses, even expensive designer clothing and accessories. Live modestly, save decadently.4. Ease off on the credit cardsDon’t accumulate too many credit cards- one or two will do. And don’t put anything on your cards that you can’t pay off within three months. And if you can’t eat it- or wear it- don’t charge it. Keep your cash flow for investments.5. Put your money to workBuild a diverse portfolio with a mutual fund company that offers no-load funds and low expense ratios. You could be earning 8-10% interest on your money! 6. Start a businessA sizeable majority of millionaires are self-employed. Channel your entrepreneurial spirit and come up with a business plan to create wealth- and not just for yourself.7. Ask for helpFind yourself a good financial planner and make sure your investments are sound and working for you, not against you. If you build a good working relationship with someone you trust, you can really help your money grow.Remember, work smart not hard. It takes money to make money. But it’s never too late to start putting yours to work for you.

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Insecure Writers, Heres Your Support Group

Insecure Writers, Heres Your Support Group Insecure Writers, Here's Your Support Group! - An Interview with Alex J. Cavanaugh Author communities, groups, forums, alliances and collectives are developing and proliferating at enormous speed as writers seem to be both excited by the new publishing world and worried it’s gotten too big and competitive to navigate on their own.Some groups focus on the writing, and have their members critique and hone each other’s writing skills. Others focus on the publishing options, and particularly the DIY one. Many mix both.When I first heard about the Insecure Writers Support Group, I liked the fact that it was both targeted (it’s for insecure writers) and open to all (mainstream, hybrid, indie). By clearly stating its purpose, IWSG fosters more transparent and open conversations around it.Today, we interview Alex J. Cavanaugh, sci-fi author and founder of IWSG.Hi Alex, great to have you here. Firstly, how did you start the Insecure Writers Group?Thanks, Ricardo! I started it after making a random comment to another author that he needed such a group. T he idea caught fire and in September 2011, we launched the group. Everyone posts the first Wednesday of the month, either about their insecurities, breakthroughs, or triumphs, and then they visit other blogger to encourage them. In September 2013, we launched the IWSG website and the IWSG Facebook group. Last year we joined forces with another Facebook group and formed the IWSG Critique Circle and we put together a book, The Insecure Writer’s Support Group’s Guide to Publishing and Beyond.There is a clichà © that all authors are insecure about their writing, at least in their early years. Do you think there’s any truth behind that?Absolutely! Writing is such a personal and creative thing, and we all have doubts about our abilities. I’ve yet to meet a writer who thought he rocked right out of the box.What’s your ambition for IWSG? You’ve added a lot of resource materials and some conversations are now more focused on tips and tricks for writ ing, marketing and publishing (as is the case in most author communities). Do you want to keep the â€Å"support† as core value in the group, or do you see it branching out?The tips and tricks are all part of the support. We can provide support through those posts and the database we maintain.I want to see this group grow on all fronts – blog participants, followers, and Facebook members. I want the site to become THE database of databases for writers. I’d also like to start a newsletter in the near future. Whatever we can do to connect authors and offer help.Orna Ross has been quoted saying: â€Å"A few years ago, writing was a very solitary profession. Now, I believe it’s one of the most social ones.† Is IWSG a good example of that?One of the best! Many members say IWSG post day is their favorite of the month and they receive so much encouragement – and give it. We’ve brought together so many writers, connecting them as friends, cri tique partners, and doorways to other opportunities.Do you think a lot of fantastic writing has never seen the light of day because writers didn’t get the moral support they needed when they doubted themselves?I’m sure there is some great writing hidden in the drawers of the world. It’s sad when writers don’t get support at home and can’t find connections elsewhere. Yes, you do have to have a thick skin and a strong drive, but everyone needs a boost now and then.Have you ever had to face writer’s block or self-doubt, and how did you overcome those?I’ve not really faced writer’s block. By the time I begin writing, I’ve had months to plan and form a detailed outline. Self-doubt has come with each new book I’ve written. Will my publisher accept it? Will fans like it? Will new fans find it? Between my fan base, friends, and the IWSG, everyone has pushed me through those doubts.I like the image of the lighthouse. Itâ⠂¬â„¢s one we’ve been using at Reedsy too. I feel like the waters of self-publishing are very unsure at the moment, almost impossible to navigate without first going through a very painful learning curve. What problems out there would you like to see startups like us try to address?I think letting writers know the process and the steps from writing to publication would give them an idea of what to expect. Just being able to connect with those who can help them is a big bonus with your site.One of our coming posts will be on author bundles. Do you think, like Mark Coker, that 2015 will be the year of collaboration between indie authors?I think it’s already happening. I know many self-published authors who have gotten together and created bundles. It’s a great way to gain more exposure.One of the things I’d really like to see, also, is more collaboration between indies, hybrids and mainstreams. Do you see something like this happening anytime soon, and what form could it take?I’d like to see that as well. The IWSG book was a collaboration, as we had a mixture of all three types of authors. I think the main thing would be working together and helping one another, and that could involve a lot of things – books, websites, tours, etc. After all, no matter the path, we’re all authors.Thanks again for the opportunity, Ricardo!You can follow Alex J. Cavanaugh, Reedsy, and myself on Twitter: @AlexJCavanaugh, @reedsyhq  and @RicardoFayetWhat do you personally think of the proliferation of communities, groups and alliances? Has being an author become one of the most social professions? Do you think insecure writers can benefit from a â€Å"support group†? Do join the conversation in the comments below!

Saturday, November 2, 2019

One future change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

One future change - Essay Example In this regard, a ‘many-to-many’ model of communication has replaced the latter, requiring organizations to implement multiple online communication strategies that can counter any challenges in the event of a crisis. In the words of Gonzalez & Smith (2010); â€Å"the new internet environment demands that organizations be cognizant of facts that; there is instant access to information by their audiences, stakeholders are today more scattered given the diversity of media available online, people with issues against organizations can with the help of the internet, quickly mobilize to protect their interests and the traditional role of mass media as a gatekeeper and disseminator of information does not exist anymore†. For these reasons, organizations have evolved in their communication to audiences by being more proactive online. Pro-activity in this context require them to engage their audience on all platforms and respond to their concerns so that in the event of a crisis, the mechanisms are already in place and good relationship with the online audience created. Even with many organizations having implemented online crisis management strategies, the next few years will see an acute improvement in how some of these organizations shape their existing frameworks. In this regard, the following can be picked out as the critical issues from Gonzalez & Smith’s (2010) article that will possible be expanded in the short term: Correctly understanding an organization’s audience: As explained by Gonzalez & Smith (2010), an organization in the building materials’ manufacturing industry does not have a savvy audience as a gaming software company. These two entities cannot, therefore, employ the same crisis management strategy in the online world. Most organizations engage in business- to- business and business- to- individual levels, and this calls for a proper understanding of the audience segments so that commensurate communication models are